Asthma is a chronic condition affecting millions worldwide, causing the airways to narrow and making breathing difficult. Recognising the signs of an asthma attack and knowing how to respond promptly with first aid can save lives. 

Here, we’ll cover how to identify an asthma attack, the different types of attacks, and the essential steps for providing effective first aid.

Recognising the Signs of an Asthma Attack

An asthma attack occurs when the airways become inflamed, swollen, and constricted, making breathing difficult. Common signs include:

1. Shortness of breath – The person may struggle to breathe, even at rest.
2. Wheezing – A high-pitched whistling sound when exhaling.
3. Coughing – Persistent coughing, especially at night or early morning.
4. Tight chest – A sensation of pressure or discomfort in the chest.
5. Difficulty speaking – In severe cases, the person may only speak in short sentences or single words.
6. Blue lips or fingernails – A sign of insufficient oxygen, requiring immediate medical attention.

It’s essential to act quickly when these symptoms appear, as an untreated asthma attack can escalate into a life-threatening situation.

Types of Asthma Attacks

Asthma attacks can vary in severity, and recognising the type can help determine the appropriate response:

1. Mild Attack
   Symptoms are manageable with the individual’s reliever inhaler, and recovery is typically quick. These attacks may occur due to mild triggers like pollen or dust.
2. Moderate Attack
   Symptoms are more persistent and may not be fully relieved by the inhaler. Medical attention may be needed if the individual does not improve.
3. Severe Attack
   Breathing becomes extremely difficult, and symptoms worsen despite using the inhaler. This situation requires immediate emergency intervention.
4. Life-Threatening Attack
   Signs include inability to speak, blue lips or fingernails, and severe difficulty breathing. Emergency services must be contacted immediately.

How to Treat an Asthma Attack with First Aid

When faced with an asthma attack, follow these first aid steps:

1. Stay Calm
   Keep the person calm and reassure them. Anxiety can worsen symptoms, so your calm demeanour is crucial.
2. Help Them Use Their Inhaler
   • Assist the person in locating and using their reliever inhaler (typically a blue inhaler).
   • Encourage them to take one puff every 30-60 seconds, up to a maximum of 10 puffs.
3. Sit Them in a Comfortable Position
   • Ensure the person is sitting upright, as lying down can restrict airflow further.
   • Loosen any tight clothing around the neck or chest.
4. Monitor Their Condition
   • If symptoms improve after the inhaler, continue to monitor the individual. They should still see their GP to prevent future attacks.
   • If symptoms do not improve after 10 puffs, follow the next step.
5. Call Emergency Services
   Dial 999 if:
   • The inhaler does not relieve symptoms.
   • The person is unable to speak, has blue lips, or struggles significantly to breathe.
   • You are unsure about the severity of the attack.
6. Repeat the Inhaler Dosage
   • While waiting for emergency help, repeat 10 puffs of the inhaler every 10 minutes if needed.

Preventing Future Asthma Attacks

While first aid is critical during an asthma attack, prevention is equally important. Encourage the individual to:

• Identify and avoid known triggers such as allergens, smoke, or extreme temperatures.
• Regularly take prescribed preventive medication.
• Attend regular check-ups with their GP to review their asthma action plan.

When to Call Emergency Services

It’s always better to err on the side of caution with asthma. Call emergency services if:

• Symptoms persist after 10 puffs of the reliever inhaler.
• The person’s condition worsens rapidly.
• They exhibit life-threatening signs such as confusion, exhaustion, or a lack of response.

Asthma attacks can be frightening, but with the proper first aid knowledge, you can provide immediate and effective assistance. Remember, recognising the signs early, using a reliever inhaler, and seeking emergency care when necessary are key steps in managing an asthma attack safely.

The best way to learn how to deal with a range of emergency scenarios is to take a practical and dynamic first aid course. Here at First Aid Plymouth, we offer a range of fantastic courses from the standard Emergency First Aid at Work to Outdoor and Mental Health First Aid courses. Please get in touch to find the right course for you.

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FAQ

What should I do if the person doesn’t have their inhaler?
Call emergency services immediately. In the meantime, try to keep the person calm and in an upright position.

How can I tell if an asthma attack is life-threatening?
Life-threatening symptoms include blue lips or fingernails, inability to speak, or extreme difficulty breathing. These signs require immediate medical attention.

How often should an asthma action plan be reviewed?
An asthma action plan should be reviewed annually or whenever there is a change in symptoms or medication.

Are asthma attacks preventable?
While not all attacks can be prevented, managing triggers, taking prescribed medication, and regular monitoring can significantly reduce their frequency and severity.